[ effect of lavender essential oil on anxiety of intra uterine device insertion]

Intra uterine device is a safe, effective and reversible method of family planning. Unfortunately, IUD insertion associated with anxiety. The lavender essential oil has anti-anxiety and analgesic effect however it's anti anxiety efficacy before intra uterine device insertion is to be evaluated. The present study was conducted to evaluate the anti-anxiety effect of lavender essential oil before intra uterine device insertion. Total 135 Iranian women candidate for intra uterine device insertion that had eligible criteria were randomly recruited into three lavender, placebo and control group. Data was collected by demographic questionnaire, spiel Berger questionnaire. The candidate apparent and acute anxiety was determined according to 20 questions present in Spiel Berger Questionnaire before and after aromatherapy just before intra uterine device insertion. The 20 questions were given four options including slight, moderate, high and very high with score 20 to 80. The women were given a box containing a cotton ball soaked with three drops of lavender essential oil or sesame oil. The women's were asked to inhale the box for 5 minute from 7 to 10 centimeter from nose. The apparent and acute anxiety was determined in all three groups before and after aromatherapy just before intra uterine device insertion compared to each other. Data analysis was performed by SPSS software and descriptive and analytic statistics methods. The average anxiety score was decreased in lavender group after aromatherapy compared to before aromatherapy [p<0.001] and also as compared to placebo and control groups [p<0.001]. The Results of this study suggest that aromatherapy with inhalation of lavender essential oil is effective as anti- anxiety before IUD insertion

[Reasons for using withdrawal contraception: a qualitative study]

To identify reasons why married women use withdrawal when they do not desire pregnancy. This was a qualitative study. We performed 50 interviews with women who were using withdrawal contraception. Theory of Planned Behavior used as framework for elicitation salient believes about contraception methods. Participants were married women who were not currently pregnant, not desire to have a child, using withdrawal contraception. Women gave many reasons for using withdrawal contraception. Three major categories emerged: behavioral believes, normative believes and control believes. The results suggest that multidimensional interventions may be needed to effectively reduce withdrawal contraception and unwanted pregnancy

[ effects of Zingiber officinal R. on primary dysmenorrhea]

Prevalence of dysmenorrhea and its importance for women life as well as side effects of non steroid anti inflammatory drug used for its treatment increases the tendency for alternative complementary, and herbal therapy. This study was carried out to determine the effect of Zingiber offlcinale R. on primary dysmenorrheal on students residing in Dormitories' Shahed University. This clinical trial was performed on 78 unmarried students, average 21 years old with primary dysmenorrhea residing in Dormitories' Shahed University. Subjects were selected through a questionnaire which included demographic and menstrual cycle characteristics and graded of dysmenorrhea. Graded of dysmenorrhea were determined by verbal multidimensional scoring system and subjects who were graded moderate and severe dysmenorrhea were randomly allocated into two groups that received the Zingiber capsule and the placebo capsule. The subjects in Zingiber group received the 500 mg zingiber powders in capsules three times a day for three days and placebo group received 500 mg placebo capsule similarly from a day of starting of menstruation. Severity and duration of dysmenorrheal pain were determined in both groups and compared to each other. Results indicate that demographic characteristics [age, BMI and menstrual status] were similar between two groups before treatments. Severity and duration of dysmenorrhea in Zingiber group deceased significantly [p<0.01 and p<0.021 respectively] at the end of the study compared to placebo group. Administration of Zingiber 500 mg t.i.d decreases pain and duration of primary dysmenorrhea without any obvious adverse effects. The investigation for accurate effective doses of Zingiber and its adverse effect on long term administration is recommended

[ relationship between early admission in labor and the occurrence of obstetrical complications]

We evaluated the effect of the timing of admission in labor on the occurrence of obstetrical complications. The study involved a comparison between 460 low-risk nulliparous women who were admitted on labor unit in latent phase with 329 parturients admitted in the active phase with singleton pregnancy, intact membranes, and low risk as determined by their physicians according to the protocols of prenatal care. There were more cesarean deliveries in the latent phase than in the active phase [64/5% vs24/3% P < 0/0001] .The main reasons for cesarean delivery in the latent phase and active phase were dystocia and fetal distress. The rate of dystocia in the latent phase was greater than in the active phase. [32/6% vs 24/3% P=0/0048]. The oxytocin dose was greater in the latent phase than in the active phase [1/1 +/- 0/7 vs 0/18 +/- 0/1]. Our results show that more cesarean operations are performed in women admitted during the latent phase of labor

[ conformity of BPP and vibroacoustic stimulation results in fetal non reactive non stress test]

The most frequently used test for evaluation of fetal health is the Non Stress Test [NST]. Unfortunately it has a high incidence of false positive results. The combination of vibroacoustic stimulation with the NTS has been shown to reduce non reactive results. A tests assessment method was chosen with a simple randomized sampling. 40 pregnant women with non reactive NST in the first 20 minutes who received VAS in one of Tehran University's Hospitals were compared with BPP scores. A vibroacoustic stimulation was applied for a 3 seconds on the maternal abdomen and fallowed within 10 minutes.Data collection tools were NST, sonography instruments, NST result paper, tooth brusher, watch, demographic questioner and check list. Data analysis was made by descriptive static and by using the Fisher's Exact Test [with level of significant at p<0/05]. All statistical analysis were performed using an spss/win. After VAS, 70% of non reactive tracing became reactive. All cases with fetal reactivity response after a VAS had a subsequent BPP score of 8 [negative predictive value of 100%]. False positivity of VAS was lower than NST. VAS offers benefits, by decreasing the incidence of non reactive test and reducing test time. VAS lowers the rate of false positive NST. VAS is safe and allows more efficient of prenatal services. This test could be used as a rapid antepartum test to predict fetal well-being